Abstract:The development of the Internet has brought us new consumption patterns such as online shopping, and online retail channels and offline retail channels have become two important retail channels. Online channels and offline channels have their own unique advantages, but also have different degrees of disadvantages. In this case, manufacturers need to choose between the two and choose a retail channel for their products. With the increasingly diversified market demand, manufacturers not only need to consider the product quality and product line design, but also the participants in the supply chain need to grasp the profit growth and opportunities brought by channel effect. Manufacturers need to consider which products should be put on the market through what channels according to their own production plans in order to obtain maximum profits. Focusing on promoting high-quality development, this paper analyzes the current product line design at home and abroad from the perspective of manufacturer's decision-making, so as to enhance people's livelihood and improve people's quality of life.
Keywords:Product line;Product line research and design status;Product line is uncertain and sexy;High-quality product development
早期关于产品线定义针对垄断厂商提出,认为只有处于垄断地位的厂商才有议定产品属性的权利。1978年Mussa最早认为一个商品可能会被称为产品线,是因为一种质量差异化的产品形成同一通用类型的货物范畴(Mussa,1978)。这些产品相似但不完全替代,因为并非所有客户都有相同产品属性估价。之后,产品线不局限于简单定价问题,而是一种旨在满足一类人共同需求下的具有个体差异的产品(Aydin and Ryan,2000)。他们考虑三个基本问题:一个具有固定价格的当前产品线的零售商,正在考虑向产品线添加一个新模型,零售商则须确定是否提供新产品类型,如是则价格多少;一个零售商提供一组预先选定的n个型号组合,则须确定n个模型最优价格;从一组潜在模型中选择任何模型子集的零售商,须确定要选择产品数量和种类,后确定每个型号最优价格。Jain加深了产品线特征和独特性属性,提出产品线是一组产品组合,存在不同产品共享某种因素的可能。同时需满足顾客需求或特定用途(Draganska and Jain,2005)。
市场细分一般从消费者行为、习惯、偏好方面着手。西方关于消费者行为是市场细分方法的起源。上世纪四五十年代,市场营销开始由产品导向向顾客导向转变,消费者心理得到关注。《消费者行为学》一书中作者以心理学、社会学等学科为基础,对社会消费行为产生、运行、发展深入并做系统梳理阐明,被后世誉为消费者行为学奠基作(Engel,1968)。此后,《购买者行为理论》(Howard and Sheth,1969)从营销学角度出发编写;《消费者行为学》(Schiffmanetal,1978)从个体心理出发;《消费者行为学——建立营销战略》(Hawkinsetal,1980)立足于西方营销环境编写;《消费者行为学:购买、拥有和存在》(Solomon,1991)等著作重视现代营销环境及网络营销手段,构筑各自的消费者行为模型,采用不同视角阐释对消费者行为的全面解构的不同认知结果。
[1]Mussa M,Rosen S.Monopoly and product quality[J].Journal of Economic Theory,1978,18(2):301-317.
[2]Aydin G, Ryan JK.Product Line Selection and Pricing Under the Multinomial[J].Logit Choice Model.2000,1-49.
[3]Smith W.Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies[M].Journal of Marketing,1956:3-8.
[4] Philip K,Gary A.市场营销[M].俞利军译.北京:华夏出版社,2003:140.
[5]Worcester RM,Downham J,Nostrand V.Consumer market research handbook[J].Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,1972,24(3):231.
[6]Kraus UG,Yano CA.Product line selection and pricing under a share-of surplus choice model[J].European Journal of Operational Research,2003,150(3):653-671.
[7]luo XG,Zhang ZC,Kwong CK.Share-of-Surplus product line optimisation with price levels[J].Mathematical Problems in Engineering,2014,17(2):14-20.
[8]缪琛璐.产品线设计与产品平台架构关联优化研究[D].天津大学,2017.
[9]Pfeffer J,Salancik GR.The External Control of Organizations:A Resource Dependence Perspective[M].Harper&Row,1978.
[10]Arrow KJ.Uncertainty and the welfare economics of medical care[J].Journal of Health Politics Policy&Law,2001,53(5):942-973.
[11]Dimoka A,Hong Y,Pavlou PA.On Product Uncertainty in Online Markets:Theory and Evidence[J].Mis Quarterly,2012,36(2):395-426.
[12]LiF,Li D,Sun YC.The development of research on omni-channel retailing theory[J].Journal of Beijing Technology and Business University(Social Sciences),2018,33(5):33-40.