按照《牛津艺术指南》(The Oxford Companion to Art)的解释“perspective由拉丁语 perspectiva而来,是罗马哲学家包修斯(Bothius ,524年)使用的一个术语,用来翻译亚里士多德(Aristotle)著作中希腊语‘光学’(optike)一词。15世纪时,‘透视'逐渐用来表示从固定的视点通过一个透明平面观看,并把景物在平面上描摹下来。于是,它就在拉丁语中成了perspectiva artificilis(艺用透视),或perspectiva pingendi(绘画透视),以便与古希腊科学中的perspectiva naturalis (自然诱视)或perspectiva communis(普通透视)相区别。”(Carter 1970)丢勒(Dürer)将拉丁文perspectiva解释为“透过去观看”(see through),这虽然不是确切的原义,但实质上人们普遍接受的就是丢勒的定义(Panofsky 1991,27)。也有人认为perspective来自拉丁语 prospectus,意为“向前看(look forward),飞鸟投影(glide projection)的研究者福塞思(K, Forseth)即持这种观点,并以此将透视的空间纵深式再现与飞飞鸟投影的表面横向式再现相比较(Forseth 1984,33)。
2.西方文艺复兴前的透视
公元前500年的古代希腊(Carter 1970),当时的红像瓶画中出现了缩短法(foreshorting)。古希腊和古罗马,用于再现建筑场景的方法是舞台布景法(skenographia)。据维特鲁威《建筑十书》,阿加塔耳科斯(Agatharchus of Samos)是布景法的发明者。如果为眼睛向外观看以及视线的投射确定一个固定的中心,我们如何按照自然规律跟随这些视线,使得某个不确定的物体成为确定的图像而在舞台布景中呈现出建筑的外观,又如何使在铅垂面上画下的事物显得一部分向后退,另一部分向前伸。布景法现已失传,具体方法不得而知。
西方幻觉主义的重新流行,始于13世纪的罗马。卡伐里尼(Pieto Cavalini)在特拉斯特维尔的圣玛丽亚教堂(Sta Maria in Trastevere)所作的镶嵌画(约1280年),体现了画家对“轴线透视”(向中轴会聚的方法)的熟练掌握。当向中轴会聚的方法)的熟练掌握。尽管在整体上并没有统一的会聚点,但在局部的单元都有局部统一的会聚点。13世纪60到80年代之间,在罗马,意大利画家通过研究古典后期艺术,首先发现了透视空间(Carter 1970)。
13世纪末,透视法在意大利飞速发展的两个里程碑是两个教堂的连环壁画,一个是阿西西上圣方济各教堂(the Upper Church of St . Francis at Assisi),另一个是帕多瓦竞技场小教堂(The Arena Chaple at Padua)。壁画中可见到经验阶段的透视(飞鸟法)的许多典型形态。
在布鲁乃莱斯基的实验中,视点(眼)和心点之间就存在一种微妙的关系。唯内奥拉的透视理论继承了这一特点,他将心点定义为“对应眼”(counter — eye),真眼与它密不可分,互相关联;将水平面上45°线的会聚点(即距点)称为“准眼”(quasi — eye),系由真眼绕对应眼旋转90得到。唯内奥拉混淆了单眼视觉(monocular vision)、一点作图法(one — point construction)和单灭点构图(unifocal composition)三者的区别。
两灭点构图本来早在14世纪的乔托风格艺术(Giottesque art of the Trecento)、布鲁乃莱斯基的画板中,以及乌切洛(Uccello)、费拉里(Filarete)和弗兰西斯卡(Piero della Francesca)等人的画中都能看到,但约在1435年后,文艺复兴的绘画艺术中,倾斜的再现方式已被湮没。两灭点构图再度兴起已是18世纪初。
Abstract:The popularization and application of computer technology has brought about the development of artificial intelligence, and the software drawing in colleges and universities of architecture has become the mainstream, the hand-drawn drawing method has been lost, and the academic level has been getting lower and lower, so China colleges and universities have become non-academic places in the workplace. Vocational colleges pay more attention to the cultivation of practical skills, the boundary between vocational and technical education and higher education is gradually blurred, and practical talents are valued and cherished. Traditional hand-drawing exercises mental development. In 1999, "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Deepening Education Reform and Promoting Quality Education in an All-round Way" wrote "Aesthetic Education", one of the "five educations", into the educational policy, and basic education focused on cultivating students' professional quality of fine arts and painting. In view of the increase of myopia blindness rate caused by information technology, this paper returns to freehand drawing operation method, systematically summarizes the contemporary western and eastern perspective drawing methods, and summarizes the development history and current development trend of perspective drawing, hoping to apply it to practical drawing methods.
Keywords:Perspective the meaning of words; Perspective theory; Perspective painting; Painting history